The Development Of Management Theory - 1641 Words

The main focus behind the development of management theory is the quest for good ways to make use of managerial means. Management theory evolves constantly with the continuous stream of new ideas that come from the attempts to transform theory into practice, and vice versa (Aguinaldo Powell, 2002). Progression in management theory normal happen as key personnel discover great methods to accomplish the most important management responsibilities: planning, organiz-ing, leading, and controlling human and other managerial means. This paper will show how man-agement theory having to do with suitable management processes has emerge in modern times, and view the main aspects that have led to its prosperity. First, I will discuss the exemplary management theories that transpired around the twentieth century. These involve scientific management, which center of attraction was on associating per-sonnel and jobs to increase effectiveness; and administrative management, which center of atten-tion is on recognizing the principles that will impel to the beginning of the nearly adept structure of management and organization. Next, you have behavioral management theories which was estab-lished both prior and subsequently the Second World War, which spotlight was on supervisors should guide and supervise their personnel to optimize their effectiveness. Then you have man-agement science theory, which was current during the Second World War and which has evolved to be veryShow MoreRelatedThe Development Of Management Theory1643 Words   |  7 PagesThe main focus behind the development of management theory is the quest for good ways to make use of managerial means. Management theory evolves constantly with the continuous stream of new ideas that come from the attempts to transform theory into practice, and vice versa (Aguinaldo Powell, 2002). Progression in management theory normal happen as key personnel discover great methods to accomplish the most important management responsibilities: planning, organiz-ing, leading, and controllingRead MoreEvolution And Development Of Contemporary Management Theory2687 Words   |  11 PagesManagement revolutionized by the â€Å"man who invented management†, a writer, consultant, and professor. Known as the â€Å"godfather of management theory and practise† Peter F (Bloomberg L.P 2014), Drucker influenced many people with his management theory and business concepts. Professor Peter Drucker (1909 – 2005) was a leading academic researcher, author, and expert who had a prominent and significant influence on the evolution and development of contemporary management theory throughout the second halfRead MoreEvaluate the Contribution of the Hawthorne Studies to the Development of Management Theory and Practice.1720 Words   |  7 Pagessubjected to many criticisms. Yet, the evolvement of many of the management theories today would not have come about without the experiments done by E lton Mayo. This essay will cover the various aspects of management that has been refined through the findings of the tests conducted and how improvements were made to aid in the development of organisational behaviour. It will also discuss the various studies and will show how these theories implement Hawthorne studies as the foundation and the basis ofRead MoreEvaluate the Contribution of the Hawthorne Studies to the Development of Management Theory and Practice2439 Words   |  10 Pagesfour important areas of management theory: Frederick Taylor s Scientific Management, Elton Mayo s Hawthorne Works experiments and the human relations movement, Max Weber s idealized bureaucracy, and Henri Fayol s views on administration. It will provide a general description of each of these management theories together with observations on the environment in which these theories were applied and the successes that they achieved. Frederick Taylor - Scientific Management Description FrederickRead MoreLeadership And Management Theories, Principles And Best Practice Concepts Benefit My Nursing Leadership Development2400 Words   |  10 Pagescare is delivered towards the patient. The first part of this essay will focus on leadership and management with the aim of developing knowledge from the discussion of theories and strategies to the provision of quality care. In the last section I will reflect on how knowledge gathered about leadership and management theories, principles and best practice concepts benefit my nursing leadership development. To begin with, fundamentals of leadership are to believe in the vision and to enjoy the journeyRead MoreCareer Management : Career Goals1705 Words   |  7 Pages Introduction According to dictionary.com Career management is the life long, self monitored process of career planning that involves choosing and setting personal goals, and formulating strategies for achieving them. The first step in the process of career management is identifying the vision that you have for your career and what you will need to do to get there. Through the process of career management, one must began to do some soul searching to have a clear understanding of their interest, valuesRead More Henry Fayols Organizational and Management Theory Essay1693 Words   |  7 Pages There are many theories that have been developed by scholars to explain the principles and practice of management. Some of these theorists include: Henry Fayol; and Mintzberg among others. Henry Fayol is believed to be the first scholar to develop the management theory. Other scholars developed their theories based on the weakness of Henry Fayol’s theory of management (Thomson 2004). Henry Fayol is a scholar of French national and was born in 1841. The scholar Fayol was born at the cuspRead MoreEssay on Organizational Theory881 Words   |  4 Pagesof various organization theories and their development from the perspective of legitimacy and efficacy; to evaluate selected discussions regarding theory development and various theories; to encourage the use of evidence based theory development and to provide a look into the model and related theories that are created after looking at the existing theories. While not rejecting the need for thorough testing of theories, I am simply looking into the suggestion of theories and models for their worthRead MoreEssay on Key Aspects of Training and Development1569 Words   |  7 PagesKey Aspects of Training and Development In this section I will be identifying the key aspects of training and development programme an explanation of how this is an importance to Southgate college. Training development Development involves helping an individual to realise his or her potential. This concerns general growth, and is not related specifically to the employees existing post. The term training means the gaining of a particular set of knowledge Read MoreLeader Ship vs Management1148 Words   |  5 PagesLeadership VS Management Introduction There is the age old question of what is the difference between a manager and a leader? Most people will say that you can’t be a manager without being a leader. Leadership and management are an ongoing development.This search for the characteristics or traits of leaders has been ongoing for centuries. Some people believe they go hand in hand and some believe they are two complete different things. This continues development had resulted in many different

Measuring Human Resource Effectiveness Through Balanced Scorecard Free Essays

The new economic paradigm is characterised by speed, innovation, quality and customer satisfaction. The essence of the competitive advantage has shifted from tangible assets to intangible ones. The focus is now on human capital and its effective alignment with the overall strategy of organisations. We will write a custom essay sample on Measuring Human Resource Effectiveness Through Balanced Scorecard or any similar topic only for you Order Now This is a new age for Human Resources. The entire system of measuring HR’s contribution to the organisation’s success as well as the architecture of the HR system needs to change to reflect the demands of succeeding in the new economy.The HR scorecard is a measurement as well as an evaluation system for redefining the role of HR as a strategic partner. It is based on the Balanced Scorecard framework developed by Kaplan and Norton and is set to revolutionize the way business perceives HR. Implementing effective measurement systems for intangible assets is a very difficult task and demands the existence of a unified framework to guide the HR managers. It is this difficulty that has been the prime reason why managers tend to avoid dealing with intangible assets as far as possible. In the process firms under-invest in their people and at times invest in the wrong ways. Another difficulty is, managers cannot foresee the consequences of their investments in intangible human assets in a well-defined measurable manner and they are not willing to take the risk.Thus, the most effective way to change this mindset is obvious to build a framework just like the balanced scorecard, which has sound measurement strategies and is able to link HR functions, activity and investment with the overall business strategy. The HR scorecard framework was specifically designed for these purposes. This paper made at attempt to give an outline on perspective of HR Balanced Scorecard, Process of HR Scorecard, Strategy of HR Scorecard, Process of HR Integrating into the performance measurement system, Benefits of the HR Scorecard and HR Scorecard Implementatio n. How to cite Measuring Human Resource Effectiveness Through Balanced Scorecard, Papers

Various Types Of Packing system In Food Industry †Free Samples

Question: Discuss about the Food packaging system. Answer: Introduction In ancient times, the food was packaged using the bark, leaves and animal skin that would be stored and carried while travelling from one place to another for trade (Karaman, zer, Pascall, Alvarez, 2015). This shows the significance for packaging of the food and plays a vital role in the food processing. It is the most important method that protects the food from contamination, control safety and food protection from chemical, physical, environmental or biological factors. The food packaging is involved with protection that is considered the primary function and the extension of life where the food is protected from contaminants and loss of vital components like moisture, aroma and distribution chain (Ahvenainen, 2003). On a contrary, Karaman et al. (2015) stated that the food packaging is considered to be a competentmarketing tool via product consumer interface that conveys product information to the consumers about the product ingredient, aesthetical appeal and nutritional value o f the product. The food packaging is a way to reduce the food wastage that is caused by spoilage so that it eases in convenience, product traceability and product integrity (Marsh and Bugusu (2007). The foods of high nutritional value like milk and dairy products serve as nutritional media where the growth of microorganisms causes the milk deterioration at a faster rate. Several factors determine the milk and the dairy products shelf life that starts from the microbial load that is present in raw milk and sanitization during processing (I. Arvanitoyannis Tziatzioa, 2012). Cheese is the milk product that has more than 2000 varieties that is obtained from the milk coagulation, rennet and acid, bacterial culture via whey separation, cheddaring, pressing, molding and salting. The type of production procedure differs according to the type of cheese to be prepared. Cheese has a complex matrix contains various components like protein, fat and the microflora that is added to the cheese to make its shelf life unstable and unpredictable (Cerqueira et al., 2010). The cheese is further categorized into hard cheese based on the moisture content. It has low moisture content as compared to so ft cheese. They are packed under pressure into moulds with longer time ageing. They are also marketed based on strength and aged duration. Semi-soft cheese contains a compact and firm texture by mechanical pressing and curdled milk that extracts the additional whey. Soft cheese has interiors that cannot be cooked or pressed. Moreover, its texture is velvety, creamy and so soft so that it can melt in the mouth and has the highest moisture content level varying 50% to 60%. Hard cheese contains 20 to 42% of moisture, semi hard contains 44 to 55% moisture and soft cheese contains more than 55% of moisture (Matteo Alessandro Del Nobile Conte, 2013). The moisture content determines the shelf life of cheese with other parameters like temperature treatment, cheese component during the process of distribution and storage. The cheese with high moisture content is vulnerable to deterioration by fungal and bacterial microorganisms as they are susceptible to lipolysis and proteolysis due to hig h protein and fat content. The packaging material that is required for the quality preservation and freshness is dependent on the type of cheese and starter culture, milk quantity and ripening and storage conditions. As cheese is highly vulnerable to spoilage at the time of distribution, so it is regarded as a niche product limited to areas of origin. The conventional method of packaging of cheese consist of gas flushing method and vacuum packaging, however, it has some limitations for discoloration, flavor and toxin compounds when it is exposed to light due to the transparent packaging material (I. Arvanitoyannis Tziatzioa, 2012). The conventional packaging fails to fulfill the changing consumer preferences like increased demand for safety, quality, cost effectiveness and minimally processing of food (Ahvenainen, 2003). Moreover, the passive food pacakging concept has shifted from traditional to active food packaging materials (Biji, Ravishankar, Mohan, Srinivasa Gopal, 2015; Karaman et al., 2015).Newer methods of packaging are required that are able to fulfill the changing demands of the consumers. Therefore, the following assignment deals with the new packaging systems for the varieties of cheese as it are vulnerable to spoilage and traditional concept of cheese production. Different types of packaging systems There are three types of packaging systems; primary package which acts as the first frontline barrier where if breaching occurs leads to spoilage and quality deterioration of the products where the package is in direct contact with the product. In secondary package, the primary package is put inside the secondary package for ease of handling and protection during the distribution and storage process. The secondary package is enclosed within the tertiary package for the long duration transport and warehouse storage for the shipment of the products. .Karaman et al. (2015) stated that the dairy products packaging systems is derived from the customer and industry point of view keeping in mind the cost effectiveness, product type, storage, distribution channel, convenience and consumer preferences. It also takes into account the packaging of the cheese in aluminum foils and flexible films. Apart from physical elements, active packaging provides extra protection from the traditional method like enhancement of shelf life through packaging conditions that maintains the quality of the product via several approaches like moisture and temperature control, oxygen scavengers and addition of chemicals acting as active compounds (Biji et al., 2015). Intelligent packaging deals with the monitoring of the package condition and in providing the quality information during the distribution and storage such as gas leakage indicators, time-temperature indicators, freshness indicators and toxin indicators (intelligent coating). The type of dairy product decides the packaging systems that provide advantage over the preservation and extension of shelf life of cheese and other dairy products. Packaging system of cheese The primary role of packaging system is to protect the cheese from the outside contaminants like microorganisms. As stated by Cerqueira et al. (2010) the packaging greatly influences the functional properties like moisture content and exchange of volatile gases during the process of ripening that is essential in making cheese flavors of desirable choice. For every cheese product, the packaging are different that are accepted by the consumers. The packaging of cheese includes the flexible film laminates like ethylene vinyl alcohol (EVOH), aluminium foil and nylon (Karaman et al., 2015). Cream cheese and soft cheese are highly vulnerable to photo oxidation due to high fat content and moisture and therefore requires barriers to light compounds in the packaging material like TiO2. The agents that cause spoilage in cheese makes it contaminated to microorganisms and release of enzymes that have a detrimental effect on the cheese resulting in proteolysis and lipolysis. Therefore, there is a need for control mechanisms that helps to enhance the shelf life and eliminates the heating of milk in traditional concept during the processing. As stated by Rooney (1995) it is difficult to change the cheese making procedure by the cheese manufacturers due to the traditional values, therefore, they are focused on the packaging materials innovations. The following are the technologies of active packaging thatcan be used for the cheese prsevation. Active coatings for cheese Apart from traditional packaging, the edible film coatings made from lipids, polysaccharides and proteins are used in addition that enhances preservation without affecting the sensorial qualities of the cheese products (Karaman et al. (2015). The use of chitosan and galactomannan as edible coating are effective in reducing the weight loss, moisture loss, hardness, discoloration and reduction of total mesophilic bacterial count in the semi-cheese at the temperatures of 40 to 20 degrees. Being a polysaccharide, chitosan contains antimicrobial properties having many food applications in medicine, food and agriculture (Karaman et al., 2015). Moreover, it is relatively environmental friendly and cheaper (Altieri, Scrocco, Sinigaglia, Del Nobile, 2005). Altieri et al. (2005) tested Mozzarelle cheese shelf life where chitosan acted as an active compound and showed distinguishing features being the interest for many researchers. During the processing, 0.075% concentration of chitosan solution or whey prepared lactic acid was added to the milk containing the starter culture. This showed that chitosan inhibited the spoilage of microorganisms such as Pseudomonas spp or coliforms. Moreover, it did not affect the starter culture growth in refrigeration. One big environmental issue is the impact of plastic wastes and collaboration in the mitigation of this issue. This issue led to the manufacturing of biodegradable materials like poly lactic acid (PCA) that is made from sugar cane or corn starch that is used in food packaging that requires low water vapour barrier properties. PCA's barrier properties were tested in Danbo cheese that is a semi-hard cheese variety where it was exposed to light and dark that stimulates storage. The experiment was successful in protecting the Danbo cheese from the lipolysis and moisture loss for a period of 56 days and 84 days when exposed to light and dark conditions respectively. Anti-microbial properties The anti-microbial agents are used for the destruction of the bacteria that are involved in spoilage in cheese. According to Sinigaglia, Bevilacqua, Corbo, Pati, and Del Nobile (2008) coliform presence indicates poor sanitation during processing as during the storage, it causes swelling due to CO2 release and can predict the mozzarella's shelf life. Italy's traditional product, Mozzarella cheese has unique characteristics like stretching and melting into fibrous structure when heated. It is a mild soft cheese that contains high moisture. Manufacturers have approached the researchers to use the natural active compounds in the packaging material. For the preservation, there is increased demand for healthier products and safety along with cost-effectiveness among the consumers. A study conducted by Conte, Scrocco, Sinigaglia, and Del Nobile (2007) demonstrated that the lemon extract at different concentrations helps to prevent the spoilage of microorganisms without affecting the sensorial properties. Mozzarella cheese is placed in brining solution after the processing so that its shelf life is extended. However, it is short extended from 5 to 7 days (Altieri et al., 2005; Conte et al., 2007). The use of active substances like ethylenediaminetetraacetic disodium salt (Na2-EDTA) and lysozyme added to the brining solution helps in the reduction of Pseudomonas and spoilage coliform as demonstrated by Sinigaglia et al. (2008). Copper oxide, silver and zinc oxide are metallic compounds having anti-microbial properties. These are used as anti-microbial agent in low-density polyethylene (LDPE) in ultra-filtered cheese (UF) at different ratios at the refrigeration temperature. The silver at 0%, copper oxide at 1% and zinc oxide nanoparticle at 0% in LDPE helps to reduce the coliform spoilage by 4.21 log cfu/g as compared to pure LDPE film. It has 1.04 log cfu/g where there was no nanoparticle migration and cheese toxicity (Beigmohammadi et al., 2016). Natamycin acts as a natural preservative in the food industry for the inhibition of growth of fungi and mould. The incorporation of triticale along with natamycin acts as active packaging materials in soft cheese was evaluated. During film preparation, natamycin was added to the film forming solution that gave a 5 mg natamycin/ dm2 film concentration, 20 mg natamycin/dm2 film and 10 mg natamycin/dm2 film. It did not hamper the triticale's barrier properties and retarded the A. niger growth and C. albicans inhibition effect increased as the natamycin concentration increased in the soft cheese (Romero, Borneo, Passalacqua, Aguirre, 2016). Essential oils from the plants have anti-microbial properties against many fungi and bacteria as stated by Matteo Alessandro Del Nobile and Conte (2013). The essential oil pink pepper along with cellulose acetate films demonstrated the S. Typhimurium, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and Listeria monocytogenes growth inhibition in mozzarella cheese and the EO ability to diffuse from film to solid in the agar medium. The anti-microbial agents and its application derived from natural compounds have the potentiality to reduce the high heat treatment at the time of processing and addition of chemical preservatives in the cheese. Active compounds and its further understanding are necessary for public safety. Modified Atmosphere packaging (MAP) It is a method where the internal packaging atmosphere is changed by using different carbon dioxide (CO2) ratios for cheese preservation and growth prevention of nitrogen (N2) that is used as filler to prevent the collapse of the package. It has been studied that MAP on whey cheese called anthotyros cheese has a moisture content of 35% when hydrated by I. S. Arvanitoyannis, Kargaki, and Hadjichristodoulou (2011). Under refrigeration condition, cheese was stored for 55 days in different atmospheric compositions. An atmosphere of 60% CO2 and N2 of 40% showed total viable counts (TVC) and E.coli inhibition without affecting the cheese sensorial attributes. Similarly, in a fresh cheese variety called Stracciatella cheese was studied to check the modified atmosphere packaging effectiveness. Gas mixtures of the ratio CO2:N2:O2of 50:50:0 (M1), 95:5:0 (M2), 75:25:0 (M3), and 30:65:5 (M4) vol/vol stored were used at the temperature of 8 degrees. The gas mixture of (M1) and (M2) showed retardation of microbial growth of spoilage bacteria that has no effect on the micro flora starter and sensorial attributes of cheese (Gammariello, Conte, Di Giulio, Attanasio, Del Nobile, 2009). In contrary to the above studies, the packaging of sliced samosa cheese was done at different atmospheric conditions like 0% CO2:100% N2, 20% CO2:80% N2 and100% CO2 while they were exposed to dark and light for three weeks. There was 100% discoloration of the cheese that was packaged in 100% CO2 from yellow to red and rancid flavour development when it was exposed to light and drying out of the cheese when stored in both dark and light conditions. When compared to other atmospheric conditions, it showed only slight moisture loss and no discoloration in both the storage conditions (Juric, Bertelsen, Mortensen, Petersen, 2003). Therefore, it can be concluded that gas mixture concentration used for MAP plays an important role in the preservation of different cheese types with detrimental and beneficial effects depending on the storage of the MAP of the cheese products. From the above studies, it is evident that the efficacy of MAP along with other active packaging processes needs to be enhanced. Mozzarella is similar to Fior di latte cheese that in popular in Italy and have high fat and moisture content that contributes to the cheese short shelf life. Another demonstration by Matteo A. Del Nobile, Gammariello, Conte, and Attanasio (2009) showed the chitosan application in cheese making in combination with the sodium alginate active coating. In this process, gas mixtures of 30:5:65 (CO2:O2:N2) and ethylenediaminetetra acetic acid (EDTA), lysozyme and disodium salt (Na2-EDTA) were used that resulted in the prolongation of Fior di latte cheese shelf life by five days. It was also witnessed that the combined modified atmospheres effect comprising of nitrogen N2 70% and carbon dioxide (CO2) of 30% along with iron-based oxygen scavenger present in sachets of 50 cc for the soft cheese called kelko that is stored in the refrigerated temperature. The shelf life was also extended along with aroma of lactic acid and good outside appearance were observed. Conclusion Throughout history, the types of packing system that are used within the food industry have changed over time as food styles of the people have changed. The type of packing that is used also depends on the types of food and its composition. It also depends on the duration of storing the food. The packing systems that are used in the cheese industry ensure that the level of moisture is protected along with prevention of the all types of bacterial and fungal infection. As it is not possible to change the process of manufacturing of cheese, it is important that the packing system is modified within time to ensure that the quality of cheese in not compromised with time. The use of antimicrobial coating is used during the process of chasse manufacture, which ensures that the cheese is being well-protected. The atmosphere of the place, where the cheese is stored also needs medication. References Ahvenainen, R. (2003). Novel food packaging techniques. [electronic resource]: Boca Raton : CRC Press ; Cambridge, England : Woodhead Pub., 2003. Altieri, C., Scrocco, C., Sinigaglia, M., Del Nobile, M. A. (2005). Use of Chitosan to Prolong Mozzarella Cheese Shelf Life. Journal of Dairy Science, 88(8), 2683-2688. doi: https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(05)72946-5 Arvanitoyannis, I., Tziatzioa, G. (2012). Milk and dairy products. In I. Arvanitoyannis (Ed.), Modified atmosphere and active packaging technologies (pp. 281-319): Boca Raton, FL : CRC Press, c2012. Arvanitoyannis, I. S., Kargaki, G. K., Hadjichristodoulou, C. (2011). Pathogenesis and Toxins: Effect of three MAP compositions on the physical and microbiological properties of a low fat Greek cheese known as Anthotyros. Anaerobe, 17, 295-297. doi: 10.1016/j.anaerobe.2011.04.007 Beigmohammadi, F., Peighambardoust, S. H., Hesari, J., Azadmard-Damirchi, S., Peighambardoust, S. J., Khosrowshahi, N. K. (2016). Antibacterial properties of LDPE nanocomposite films in packaging of UF cheese. LWT - Food Science and Technology, 65, 106-111. doi: 10.1016/j.lwt.2015.07.059 Biji, K. B., Ravishankar, C. N., Mohan, C. O., Srinivasa Gopal, T. K. (2015). Smart packaging systems for food applications: a review. Journal of Food Science and Technology, 52(10), 6125-6135. doi: 10.1007/s13197-015-1766-7 Cerqueira, M. A., Sousa-Gallagher, M. J., Macedo, I., Rodriguez-Aguilera, R., Souza, B. W. S., Teixeira, J. A., Vicente, A. A. (2010). Use of galactomannan edible coating application and storage temperature for prolonging shelf-life of Regional cheese. Journal of Food Engineering, 97(1), 87-94. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2009.09.019 Conte, A., Scrocco, C., Sinigaglia, M., Del Nobile, M. A. (2007). Innovative Active Packaging Systems to Prolong the Shelf Life of Mozzarella Cheese. Journal of Dairy Science, 90(5), 2126-2131. doi: https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2006-709 Del Nobile, M. A., Conte, A. (2013). Packaging for food preservation: New York, NY : Springer, c2013. Del Nobile, M. A., Gammariello, D., Conte, A., Attanasio, M. (2009). A combination of chitosan, coating and modified atmosphere packaging for prolonging Fior di latte cheese shelf life. Carbohydrate Polymers, 78, 151-156. doi: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2009.03.017 Gammariello, D., Conte, A., Di Giulio, S., Attanasio, M., Del Nobile, M. A. (2009). Shelf life of Stracciatella cheese under modified-atmosphere packaging. Journal of Dairy Science, 92(2), 483-490. doi: https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2008-1571 Juric, M., Bertelsen, G., Mortensen, G., Petersen, M. A. (2003). Light-induced colour and aroma changes in sliced, modified atmosphere packaged semi-hard cheeses. International Dairy Journal, 13, 239-249. doi: 10.1016/S0958-6946(02)00156-5 Karaman, A. D., zer, B., Pascall, M. A., Alvarez, V. (2015). Recent Advances in Dairy Packaging. Food Reviews International, 31(4), 295-318. doi: 10.1080/87559129.2015.1015138 Marsh, K., Bugusu, B. (2007). Food packaging- roles, materials, and environmental issues. Journal of Food Science(3), 39. Romero, V., Borneo, R., Passalacqua, N., Aguirre, A. (2016). Biodegradable films obtained from triticale (x Triticosecale Wittmack) flour activated with natamycin for cheese packaging. Food Packaging and Shelf Life, 10, 54-59. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fpsl.2016.09.003 Rooney, M. L. (1995). Active food packaging: London ; Melbourne : Blackie Academic Professional, 19951st ed Sinigaglia, M., Bevilacqua, A., Corbo, M. R., Pati, S., Del Nobile, M. A. (2008). Use of active compounds for prolonging the shelf life of mozzarella cheese. International Dairy Journal, 18(6), 624-630. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.idairyj.2007.11.02

Weight Problems Regerian Essay Example

Weight Problems Regerian Essay Professor Markus Zindelo English 1213-048 May 17 2013 Weight Problems In society today, childhood obesity is becoming a growing and alarming concern. This trend is reflected in the poem Fat Children, by Natalie Day. This is a poem about how hard a mother found it to stop feeding the hungry mouths of her children. A thoughtful analysis of this poem reveals a theme about unethically advocating being overweight. This is easily discernible in the sentence, Even when they smelled of vomit / and diarrhea, I kept feeding them (Day lines 11-12). Reading on, this theme evelops even further in the sentence, l kept baking cakes and frying sausages, / even when repulsed (Day 12-13). While this is a very widely known subject, unbeknownst to some is that this very topic is being frantically debated as applicable to the modern automobile. On one side of the argument, there are those who say the modern automobile should be a strictly economic and lightweight machine. On the other side are those who say the modern automobile should not be a strictly economic and lightweight machine. However, despite each sides argument, a ompromise must commence for the sake of all automotive consumers. Those who claim the modern automobile should be a strictly economic and lightweight machine exclaim so primarily due to the excessive costs involved with moving the extra weight. Number one of all is the increased fuel consumption from carrying extra weight. This can result in a degradation of up to around seven percent in fuel economy per ten percent increase of vehicle mass (Bjelkengren 81). Additionally, this effect is amplified depending on the aggressiveness of a persons driving style (Gas Mileage). We will write a custom essay sample on Weight Problems Regerian specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Weight Problems Regerian specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Weight Problems Regerian specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer This argument is also extended to the extra wear and tear of parts on the vehicle. The most notable of these parts are the tires and brakes. The more a vehicle weighs, the more debris wears away from the tires and brakes (Environmental). It can cost several hundred dollars to replace all four tires and a couple hundred more to replace the brakes, as well. Lastly, while there are many extras that a consumer may choose from, modern vehicles have increasingly more standard features ranging from things as innocent as a radio that will connect to a smart phone, to adding rear DVD players, to large wheels (Archer). This ultimately pushes up the price of the automobile for the consumer, even if the extras are unwanted. In addition, the side for more economical and lightweight vehicles argues the positive environmental aspect of having less vehicle weight. Some of these reasons follow closely with cost, interestingly enough. For example, the increased consumption of fuel deposits more chemicals into the atmosphere. Vehicle fuel consumption accounts for two-thirds of the USs carbon monoxide emissions as well as large numbers of other harmful gasses (Protect). Similarly, the excess weight yproduct of increased brake and tire wear contribute to an increased environmental impact by releasing particles that have been shown to cause toxicity in soil and generated from manufacturing, extraction, and end-of-life efforts and cause an amplification of environmental impact, as well. Furthermore, the side advocating modern economic and lightweight vehicles debates the effects of a vehicles mass on its performance. An Increase of vehicle weight can actually degrade overall vehicle performance in a negative way (Bjelkengren 24). Within this discussion, they are specifically concerned with the egradation of acceleration performance. This concern is confirmed by the results, which have shown that overall vehicle mass reduction greatly effects acceleration performance. An examination of one study reveals that gains in acceleration can often be seen at rates equal to or higher than the percentage of mass taken away, to a certain degree. An example would be a ten percent or higher increase in acceleration for a ten percent decrease in mass (Bjelkengren 82). With such a direct impact on acceleration and overall vehicle performance, it is easy to see why they laim the modern car should be lightweight. Alternatively, the side of the debate disputes that the advancement of technology mostly balances itself out on the issue. The first area in which it balances out is the effect of new technology on fuel economy. While modern vehicles do indeed have new technologies that could add weight, advancements have been made to counteract this. The average engine has become more fuel efficient and subsequently has more power per liter of displacement than they have had in the past (Energy). Equally, transmissions have become more efficient as well, thus elping to equalize the fuel economy impact even more (Energy). Ultimately, while this side is concerned about fuel economy, they feel in the end it is not affected by the extras in question. Likewise, this side feels that there is not an extra cost going into the added extravagancies. As with much technology over time, many of such extravagancies have become cheaper. A good example is the price of LCD televisions, which dropped between sixty and eighty percent over the course of thirteen quarters from 2006 2009 (Conlon). This theory is also supported when comparing prices of comparably quipped models from 15 years ago and today. Note that the 1998 Toyota Avalon XLE V6 was introduced at $28,288 and the comparable 2013 Toyota Camry SE V6 was introduced at $27,260 (Compare). That modern Camry not only has more features, more power, and extremely comparable fuel economy (Compare), but even costs around $13,700 less after accounting for inflation (Inflation). Therefore, it is clear to see that modernly utilized technology is not actually costing the consumer any more than vehicles from yesteryear. While both sides seem to be at opposite ends of the spectrum on this matter, they ctually share a common interest. The similar interest in this debate is excessive fuel consumption. Those who proclaim the modern automobile should be a strictly economic and lightweight machine care about not consuming excessive amounts of fuel by doing away with unneeded and heavy extras. They also dont want a higher impact on the environment from increased fuel consumption. Likewise, those who proclaim the modern automobile should not be a strictly economic and lightweight machine care about preserving the fuel economy as set by their previous cars. They welcome the addition of new technology. In the end, although both sides care about and measure excessive fuel consumption differently, they care about it equally. Since both sides agree to an aversion of excessive fuel consumption, a great compromise would simply be to use lighter wheel and tire setup. A trend has been continuing where vehicles are being equipped with increasingly larger wheels and tires (Paula). This added rotational mass has very serious adverse effects to fuel economy, as tested by Car and Driver. They logged that the difference in weight was only fourteen pounds per corner between the smallest and largest wheel and tire combos tested. Astoundingly, they experienced a ten percent drop in fuel economy with such a small difference. Moreover, the same study states a four percent increase of acceleration performance resulted between the use of the largest and smallest wheel and tire combos (Quiroga). This would benefit those with weight concerns of the modern vehicle by dropping the total vehicle weight by fifty pounds or more, depending on the wheel and tire materials used. Similarly, they would benefit from the increase of acceleration. Lastly and most importantly, since their number one concern is fuel consumption, this would make them happy to be saving a very ignificant ten percent of consumption. Finally, in regard to those who do not do not think the modern automobile should be a strictly economic and lightweight machine, this is a win for them, as well. This way, they would not have to give up any heavy creature comforts in order to preserve fuel consumption. In fact, due to the significant drop in fuel consumption, they could even opt for more gadgets and luxuries and still have better fuel economy than they did previously. This solution of compromise could work well for both parties involved, but they must meet in the middle. Not only that, but they must voice their opinions to the automotive manufacturers to be heard. If they are not heard, then neither they, nor anyone else will reap the beneficial compromise that could be had here. May the power be within their hands to go forth, do a good thing, and set the example for the benefit of automotive consumers everywhere. Works Cited Archer, Jeffery. 8 New Cars with Surprising Standard Features. AutoTrader. com. TPI Holdings, Inc. , 2013. Web. 15 May 2013. Bjelkengren, Catarina. The Impact of Mass Decompounding on Assessing the Value of Vehicle Lightweighting. MIT. Massachusetts Institute of Technology, June 2008. Web. 16 May 2013. Compare Summary Autos. MSN Autos. Microsoft, 2013. Web. 15 May 2013. Conlon, Christopher T. A Dynamic Model of Prices and Margins in the LCD TV Industry. Columbia University. Columbia University WAC, 02 Nov. 2012. Web. 15 May 2013. Day, Natalie. Fat Children. Indiana Review Issue: 31. 1 (2009): 115. Literary Reference Center. Web. 15 May 2013 Energy Efficient Technologies. FuelEconomy. gov. U. S. Department of Energy, n. d. Web. 15 May 2013. Environmental Impacts from Automobiles. US EPA. US Environmental Protection Agency, n. d. Web. 15 May 2013. Gas Mileage Tips Driving More Efficiently. FuelEconomy. gov. US Department of Energy, n. d. Web. 15 May 2013. Inflation Calculator. U. S. Department of Labor. U. S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, n. d. Web. 09 May 2013. Paula, Matthew De. Design Disasters: Three Ways Cars Are Getting Worse. Forbes. Forbes Magazine, 27 Apr. 2011. Web. 15 May 2013. Protect the Environment On the Road. EPA. Effects of Upsized Wheels and Tires Tested. Car and Driver. Hearst Communications, Inc. , Apr. 2010. Web. 15 May 2013.

Connected Love John 14 15 25 Religion Essays

Connected Love John 14 15 25 Religion Essays Connected Love John 14 15 25 Religion Essay Connected Love John 14 15 25 Religion Essay and you can non order person to experience emotional love. Jesus makes these promises to those who love him yieldingly, who are doing love, who understand love is action, non simply words or feelings. Think about the difference in these two domestic scenes: The hubby pess up in the life room after eating a superb repast prepared by his married woman, shouts to her in the kitchen as she s making the dishes, Excellent repast Hun . In the other scene the hubby softly appears at her side, dishrag in manus, to assist. We have all sorts of expressions that express that we do understand this, one being, actions speak louder than words. The nazarene offers these confidences of life to those who love him with actions of obeisance, by maintaining his commandments. But merely as we need to be careful non to accept a limited definition of love as being simply emotional, we besides need to be careful non to settle for a limited definition of what Jesus means by maintaining his commandments. There are people who take Jesus words to love him by maintaining his commandments really, really earnestly, but unluckily halt at merely 10 commandments, losing the all important eleventh commandment of Jesus when he said I give you another, that you love God with all your being, and that you love one another as I have loved you . These people are so busy loving Jesus by obeying righteous regulations that they appear to everyone else like they are the church thought constabularies or the Christian Gestapo. Clanging cymbals and small love. The 11th commandment is based on our love for and relation with God in Christ, we love each other as Jesus has loved us. Jesus gave this as a new commandment non to replace the old Big Ten, but to supplement them and set them into a new context. To reply the inquiry of how we are commanded to love calls for us to understand how Jesus loved us, and several words to depict his love for us come instantly to mind: compassion, credence and forfeit. He had Compassion for the sick, the square, the hungry, the imprisoned, the castawaies, the unloved and unlovely. His glowing love was apparent in every measure he took from his baptism in the Jordan to his declaration to the stealer on the cross. He had Acceptance because he accepted adult females, kids, work forces, Gentile and Jew likewise, unsmooth and ready fishermen. He accepted them all as saints and feeding and imbibing with evildoers caused Jesus to be challenged by the unloving righteous. But here two thousand old ages after he rose once more we know that Christ was the victor of that challenge. At the extremum of his ministry of proclaiming God s love with compassion and credence, surrounded by crowds heartening his entry into the holy metropolis, Jesus set out on the last stairss of the ultimate manner of loving us ; stairss taking to this 3rd point of love ; his Forfeit on the cross. A Sacrifice in and of love, that brought from the Father new life, non merely for Jesus but for all who live out their love for him as the risen Christ. It seems pretty clear so that Jesus makes his offers of both the Holy Spirit and of his ain staying presence to those who live out their love for him in actions of compassion, credence and forfeit. Jesus promised to be with those who love Him, and Christ is present with us, right here, right now. That is why we are here, to run into with him, to pull upon His promise of being with us, to hear what He has to state to us, to hear what He continues to name us to make in populating out our love for Him in service. We are called to be adherents of Jesus, but we are non expected to be adherents in our ain strength. We are besides powered to be His adherents, energized and given life through the promised Advocate, Helper, Holy Spirit. We are sustained and comforted by the really presence of Christ with us, and in us, and us in Him. We do nt cognize to the full, ca nt cognize wholly where this journey with Christ will take us, but we can be certain that it will be interesting, and carry throughing. On top of this we can besides be certain that He will carry through His promise of support, strength, and even life ageless as He accompanies us. We can take comfort from this. If we are His, He is of all time willing to take us by His Spirit unto all truth. We can come with our questions, demands, jobs and at times, despairing state of affairss. His forbearance is infinite. We can number on his changeless working onward to the ultimate fulfilling of His intent for each one of us. He has called us to be His adherents, and He has powered us to be His adherents, so be filled with the Holy Spirit in a connected love to Jesus.

Catch-22 and Dr. Strangelove Essay Example for Free (#22)

Catch-22 and Dr. Strangelove Essay Bureaucracy (53) , Joseph Heller (9) , Yossarian (8) company About StudyMoose Contact Careers Help Center Donate a Paper Legal Terms & Conditions Privacy Policy Complaints \In Joseph Heller’s novel, Catch-22, and Stanley Kubrick’s film, Dr. Strangelove, the bureaucrats are illustrated as illogical and untrustworthy. Heller’s attention to administrations such as the hospital and the military-establishment are recognized for their unreliable rationality and logic. Similarly, in Dr. Strangelove, Kubrick mocks the absurdities of the nuclear arms race and of the officials of the United States and The Soviet Union as he conveys the malfunction of highly placed government bureaucrats. Catch-22 and Dr. Strangelove, are two satirical and somewhat historical works that effectively comment on the corrupt and perhaps insane bureaucrats. The lives of Yossarian and the men in his squadron in Catch-22 are not determined by their own decisions but instead, by the decisions of the impersonal bureaucracy. The bureaucrats are absolutely oblivious to any attempt the men make to reason with them logically. Major Major, for example, will only see people in his office if he is not there and sends them away when he returns. Doc Daneeka refuses to ground Yossarian for his â€Å"insanity† because Yossarian’s desire to be grounded reveals that he is sane. Doc Daneeka elaborates in his discussion of Orr, Yossarian’s tent-mate. â€Å"Orr was crazy and could be grounded. All he had to do was ask; and as soon as he did, he would no longer be crazy and would have to fly more missions. Orr would be crazy to fly more missions and sane if he didn’t, but if he was sane he had to fly them. If he flew them he was crazy and didn’t have to; but if he didn’t want to he was sane and had to.† (46) Yossarian and the others in his squadron find that what they say and do has little effect on their fate when the bureaucracy controls them. Their only option is to follow the illogical rules and use what is expected of them to their own advantage. Yossarian’s superiors are more concerned with getting a promotion than they are about winning the war. Colonel Cathcart, the colonel in command of Yossarian’s squadron, tries to impress his superiors by â€Å"bravely† volunteering his men for dangerous combat. Cathcart’s only concern is being promoted to general. Cathcart continually raises the number of combat missions required of the men before they can be sent home. Yossarian argues with Doc Daneeka who explains, â€Å"†¦regulations do say you have to obey every order. That’s the catch. Even if the colonel were disobeying a Twenty-seventh Air Force order by making you fly more missions, you’d still have to fly them, or you’d be guilt y of disobeying an order of his.† (58) Similarly, Dr. Strangelove also criticizes the malfunctions of bureaucracy and the inadequacy of officials. General Jack Ripper gives the command to attack the Soviet Union without permission from his superiors or the president. Instead of discussing the idea of an attack with is supervisors, Ripper orders the attack because, according to him; Clemenceau†¦ said war was too important to be left to the generals. When he said that, 50 years ago, he might have been right. But today, war is too important to be left to politicians. They have neither the time, the training, nor the inclination for strategic thought. I can no longer sit back and allow Communist infiltration, Communist indoctrination, Communist subversion and the international Communist conspiracy to sap and impurify all of our precious bodily fluids. -Criticizes the malfunction of bureaucracy. (Dr. Strangelove) Mr. President’s embarrassment about the issue demonstrates bureaucracy does not function appropriately because those lower in command should not determine the launch of nuclear powers. Further exemplifying the inadequacy of the bureaucrats, the Joint Chiefs in the war room show their unprofessional and blatant prejudice, especially toward the Russians. General Buck Turgidson clearly states, â€Å"I’m beginning to smell a big fat Commie rat,† and later refers to them as â€Å"a bunch of ignorant peons.† The Germans are also referred to when Turgidson, upon learning Dr. Strangelove’s original German name, passes it off as â€Å"†¦a Kraut by any other name.† Dr. Strangelove, the character, also calls into question the reliability of people in power. Strangelove is clearly the Presidents scientific adviser in the war room whose appearance copies the mad scientist stereotype with his wild hair, black gloved hand, and his clearly brilliant yet insane mind. Through their presentation of bureaucracy, Heller and Kubrick display why officials and politicians are unfit to make important decisions concerning the safety of the country. Catch-22 conveys this notion through the bureaucracy’s enforcement of impractical rules and Catch-22’s on the eccentric men in Yossarian’s squadron. Kubrick suggests the same concept in Dr. Strangelove by frequently demonstrating the disorder, madness and prejudice of the officials. In either piece, the reader carries away the certainty of the instability of the men in control of important military and national decisions. Catch-22 and Dr. Strangelove. (2016, Nov 12). We have essays on the following topics that may be of interest to you

Economy Report and International Business in Denmark Essay

Economy Report and International Business in Denmark - Essay Example The export commodities are constituted of manufactured products that amount to around 73 percent of the total exports. Again the agricultural commodities and other products constitute around 19 percent of the total exports. Agricultural products constituted around 18.7 percent of the export revenues. Similarly the imports pertaining to the region in the 2010 period amounted to around $84.409 billion. Commodities like raw materials and semi-manufactured commodities constitute around 37.4 percent of the total imports while consumer products and capital goods constitute around 18 percent and 21.7 percent respectively. The major countries that carry out the export and import transactions with Denmark are like Germany, Sweden, United Kingdom, Norway, and Holland in common while countries like China and United States only carry out the import activities with Denmark (U.S. Department of State, 2011). Cultural Stereotyping in Denmark and Impact on International Trade The economy of Dutch is found to largely depend on the activities of international trade conducted with different countries round the world significantly in the fields of import and export activities. The Dutch economy becomes highly dependent on countries like Germany for largely exporting the food products and other manufacturing products and similar materials. Dependency of Denmark over the German economy has risen to such extent that it has become evident that Denmark would fail to exist without the help obtained in from the German Republic. It is held that increasing dominance of Germany in Denmark’s international trade and tourism activities would lead to bolster a sense of inferiority and thereby threatens to usurp its cultural heritage. This fear of losing their own cultural heritage makes the people of Denmark bolster up their confidence in setting of stereotyped national cultures. Cultural stereotyping is considered as an important tool by the Dutch people in order to save their conditions from being largely invaded by the German culture (Renckstorf, 2004, p.347). The cultural parameters in Denmark pertaining to the dress codes are viewed to be quite casual in nature. Casual dresses in Denmark reflect less focus rendered on wearing any kind of formal suit. However this type of stereotyping method in regards to the dress codes often earns conflict in times when the person proceeds to work in a trade environment dealing basically with international trade activities. Therein the people are required to follow a certain formal dress code and thus to abstain from wearing casual wear in the office or working hours. Henceforth the people and cultural parameters of Denmark need to become much flexible in order to rightly embrace the internationalisation of trade activities in the region. Again the people of Denmark also regard or give importance in maintaining adequate distance when communicating with someone. The people regard maintaining a distance of an arm or two when tal king with people. This type of a culture developed among the people also depicts a stereotype nature of maintaining relationships with the people either pertaining to domestic or international regions. This type of stereotyping activity reflected by the people of Den

Using relevant examples discuss the issues relating to Climate Change Essay

Using relevant examples discuss the issues relating to Climate Change in a Global Context - Essay Example mit greenhouse gases that are responsible for causing the destruction of the ozone layer thus global warming that causes the gradual changes in the climate. Research statistics and evidence by climate experts clearly show that there has been a marked change in the composition and amount of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, which currently stands at 390ppm and even higher levels as recorded at 400ppm at Mauna Loa, Hawaii as at May 2013. Additionally, scientific research has indicated that the decade covering the period between the years 2000 and 2010 was recorded as the hottest with 2005 and 2010 being the warmest in temperatures (Giese, 2011). The United Nations body in charge of addressing of matters to do with climate change, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change has equally stated that climate change is likely to have serious effect on the climate of the world in a global context affecting both the life of animals including humans and plants. Closely related to the matter of climate change is global warming which is the average increase in temperature of both the earth and the ocean and is continuously on the increase due to the effects of the climate change. Since the early 1900s, the average temperature of the earths and oceans has risen by averages well over temperatures of 0.8Â °C, and this is likely to increase in the coming years due to the sustained activities of human beings that cause effects associated with climate change. Further, the effects associated with climate change and global warming are likely to cause an increase of temperatures between the ranges of 1.8Â °C and 4Â °C which may rise to between 1.1Â °C and 6.4Â °C unless efforts are made in order to bring the matter of climate change under control (Harris and Roach, 2007). The same scientific research also indicate that due to effects associated with climate change, the level of the sea is likely to rise by a figure of between 28cm to 43 cm while some large water bodies such as the

Billy Elliot film text reponse Essay Example for Free

Billy Elliot film text reponse Essay Jackie Elliot is seen as a traditional man with anti feminist views. he sees that boys should be tough whilst girls should be more placid. Throughout the film Billy Elliot, the directer has created the character Jackie Elliot, a widowed father feeling the grief of the recent lose of his wife. This essay suggests that the grief could be a factor of how Jackie goes about supporting his son. The time that this film is set, is in the mid 80s. It could be that people who do not keep to the social norm are discriminated against, which is a different circumstance in todays society, where people are very unique and most people value eachothers individuality. In the town of Durham, the community has the same expectations as Jackie with gender based traditions and this may have influenced him to think this way. When Billy is taken to the boxing gym by his father, he finds out that he doesnt really like the idea of being a boxer once he steps into the ring for the first time. Billy knows his father must really want Billy to get good at this tough sport, because in this family, that is stricken with poverty; his father still manages to pay for billys lessons and does want him to achieve. they were my dads gloves, youd better take better care of them Jackie and his father were obviously unable to achieve from boxing, hes putting his last hope in Billy. Billy is aware of how his family and the community feel about boys doing ballet and has alot of courage to put their thoughts aside and just do the thing he loves. Upon finding out about Billys dancing. Jackie becomes enraged and expresses views of homophobic, Billy is determined to keep on dancing. It is not until Jackie actually sees Billy dance for the first time, that he realises that dancing might well and trully be his sons future. He sees that Billy does have talent and lowers himself into going back to work just so he can afford to take Billy to London for his audition himself. It is what mum would have wanted, throughout the film, you watch as Jackie  grieves for his dead wife, in that he hates Billy playing his mothers piano. Billy must have inherited his interest in music and dance from his mother which is probably why Jackie must have hated it at first; Billy was like his mother and it reminded Jackie of her too much. He gives into his pain by selling jewelry for his son. Jackie is most proud of his son, when at the end of the film. Billy dances out onto a big stage to perform swanlake. It takes Jackies breathe away. Overall through this film, we see Jackie, a father who does love his son. Aside from hgis traditional and antifeminist beliefs, Jackie was able to come through with great support for his son. All he wants for his son is to see him doing something he loves, even if that is dancing TEACHER COMMENTS: good, try to use lots of quotes and and examples from the film and refer back to the question throughout your essay.

Binding Arbitration Clauses :: essays research papers

First off, I do not think that binding arbitration clauses should ever restrict the arbitration to only one group of people (ex. Home builders association). If there ever is a situation in which a binding arbitration clause is acceptable, there should at least be a choice of who the arbitration is and the choices should be neutral parties (ex. In the BP credit card bill stuffer, it gave the option of the American Arbitration Association, JAMS, and the National Arbitration Forum). I do not think that binding arbitration clauses should be includable in employment contracts. There are too many laws and regulations regarding employers and the way businesses operate the I do not think an arbitrator would be anywhere near as knowledgeable in these matters as a court would be, even if it was their area of expertise. Between discrimination and work conditions, I feel that there is way too much at stake to put in the hands of an arbitrator. I do think that binding arbitration clauses can (no t should, but CAN) be includable in credit card agreements and cell phone agreements. I really do not think that binding arbitration clauses should be included in any kind of contract because the severity of charges can vary so much that the courts can decide which cases can be arbitrated. In both credit card and cell phone contracts, the majority of cases will only deal with small amounts of money. In contrast, there is so much at stake with home construction, that I do not think that construction contracts are an appropriate place for such clauses. I consider myself a pretty compassionate person. Therefore, I do not think that there should be ANY prerequisite to obtaining medical treatment, especially signing a contract with a binding arbitration clause.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  I believe that every contract should have the option to be enforced by the courts. Arbitration should be something that parties agree to, not something they are forced into. I think that including a binding arbitration clause in an employment contract would produce undue influence. The applicant for employment may easily think that if they do not sign the contract that they will not get the job. In addition, since you would typically only sign an employment contract after you had been offered a job, it would be a bit harder to find another employer in a good amount of time.

Outline and assess the main positions in the secularisation debate

Abstract This essay tackles the main positions of the secularisation debate. To begin with, this essay examines the ‘bottom up/demand-side’ theory of secularisation, which postulates that as societies go through the process of industrialisation, the religious values that underpin the societal fabric will inevitably erode as the citizenry become more impervious to spiritual pursuits. This essay also examines the importance of the ‘market’ approach to the theory of secularisation, arguing that the top down/supply side perspective is of fundamental significance in order to understand the persistence of religious practice in modern societies. Introduction The secularisation debate has acquired a growing influence in recent years, due to the onset of the postmodern age. Postmodernism posits that in the age of instantaneous communications and ubiquitous access to technology, rigid and fixed classifications pertaining to religion, class, gender and race have been significantly eroded. The main positions in the secularisation debate focus on two distinct approaches (Fitzgerald, 2000: 133). The first perspective that is postulated for examination relates to the ‘bottom up/demandside’ idea of secularisation. According to this view, as societies go through the process of industrialisation, the religious values that underpin the societal fabric will inevitably erode as the publics become more impervious to spiritual pursuits (Gauchet, 1999: 40). At the same time’, the ‘top down/supply side’ theory of secularisation, which highlights that the need for spirituality remains constant across national boundaries, p laces a great deal of emphasis on the role of religions institutions in maintaining adherence to theological principles. This essay will begin by charting the idea that secularisation responds to the gradual phasing out of religious values in modern societies. The second part of the essay will concentrate in the manner in which these values are permanently re-imposed on societies by religious leaders and organisation. Crucially, the second section of the essay highlights the importance of the ‘market’ approach to the theory of secularisation, arguing that the top down/supply side perspective is of fundamental significance in order to understand the persistence of religious practice in modern societies. The bottom up/demand side theory of secularisation The main view propounded by this theory of secularisation is that the advent of the scientific method and rational observation as a method to create societal improvement has shaken the theological foundations that were influential in shaping the evolution of the Western world (Gauchet, 1999: 45). The erosion of supernatural interpretations of the nature of the world has been a permanent cultural phenomenon in the Western world since the advent of the Enlightenment, with its emphasis on universal categorisation that could be subject to empirical observation and rational testability standards (Martin, 1993: 93). The rational template endorsed by industrialised societies rendered the theological claims imposed by the major religions incompatible with the needs of the existence of human collective that relied in an increasing manner on the benefits brought forward by technological advancement (Martin, 2005: 55). There was a gradual and consistent loss of religious faith in Western societ ies that ultimately resulted in the unravelling of theological practices and Church attendances (Martin, 1993: 97). In addition, this provoked a relative corrosion of the social and cultural meanings attached to religious identity, along with a move away from allegiance to political parties and organisations based on denominational values. According to this theory of secularisation, religious and scientific values are at loggerheads, with a constant undermining of Bible teachings by making reference to the Darwinian teachings put together in the theory of evolution (Martin, 1969: 25). The knowledge gained by society through scientific advancement and its application to technological improvements, coupled with the expansion of education opportunities, impacted on the cultural changes that were ushered in Western societies. It could be posited that the tenets of the Enlightenment undercut the metaphysical principles that were responsible for maintaining societal cohesion during the Middle Ages (Martin, 2005: 59). Thinkers like Max Weber stated that the onset of industrialisation and mass capitalism produced an environment of opinion conducive to reducing the idea of the supernatural to the domain of human rationality and subjected to the explanations taken from the hard sciences rather than making reference to metaphysical arguments (Gauchet, 1999: 49). The attainments made by Western societies in the sciences and the feats that took place in the realm of engineering and technology has emphasised the importance of subjecting nature to the control of man (Bruce, 2002: 59). These developments were responsible for a change of perception regarding the advent of personal tragedies and natural disasters on the part of a growing number of individuals, who started to regard those eventsin rational terms, instead of attributing them to mysterious forces outside the control of man. Accordingly, the intellectual authority held by religious ministers became just one of the sources of knowledge to be taken into account (Berger, 1969: 30). Their authority was put in direct competition with the people who displayed their professional expertise across many fields of study and who made use of the rational method. At the same time, the gradual separation between state and church that took place in many European nations and the United States, couple d with the emergence of bureaucratic apparati and modern political parties led to the discrediting of traditional religious institutions. The industrialisation of Western societies had attached to it a series of changes that impacted upon the ability of individuals to experience mystical experienced (Harris, 2005: 61). This includes the steep decline in communal life, the fragmentation between nature and man and the increased use of technology. It is worth mentioning that the interpretation put forward by Max Weber regarding the bottom up/demand side theory of secularisation is based on the effects that the Lutheran Reform and the industrial revolution had on the development of political and religious life in Western Europe and North American (Idinopulos and Wilson, 1998: 101). The idea of disenchantment with the world, as propounded by Weber, compelled individuals to seek salvation in the pursuit of material gain, hence eroding the very foundations of transcendental Christian thin king (Tremlett, 2009: 22). The growing importance of Rationalism was necessarily conducive to being sceptical about the existence of an omnipotent and omniscient God, ultimately resulting in the debunking of religion as a method of explain natural phenomena (Bruce, 2002: 67). It is also important to stress that a bottom up/demand side theory of secularisation can also be understood according the functionalist perspective underlined by Emile Durkheim (Durkheim, 1912, 1995: 73). The French sociologist identified the loss of functional purpose as one of the main reasons behind the erosion of the centrality of religion in the institutional make-up of modern societies (Norris, 2004: 130). This functionalist perspective highlights the idea that a scheme of theology does not just represent a system of beliefs about the nature of existence (Asad, 2003: 90). Instead, it is also a framework of actions concerning certain and certain rituals and symbolism that are performed to signpost the passage of time across the person’s natural lifespan (Durkheim, 1912, 1995: 30). These symbolisms were responsible for maintaining a high degree of social cohesion and stability, hence producing common goods that could be enjoyed by all members of society (Davie, 1994: 88). Conversely, the industrialisation Western European and North American societies generated the fragmentation of the social space by inducing process of technical differentiation that dispersed the sources of knowledge (Wilson, 1966: 76). The specialisation of knowledge production stripped the ecclesiastical authorities of the powers that they had in determining which epistemological approaches should be pursued and how the knowledge created was to be disseminated (McCutcheon, 2003: 119). In addition, all the charity organisations of Christian extraction that had for centuries been in charge of providing for the disenfranchised members of society were replaced by welfare states subsidised by government institutions (Bruce, 2002: 62). These events were the immediate result of the reappraisal of the role of religious doctrines and organisation. By the late nineteenth century, the doctrines and practices proposed by the Church were not deemed to be functional to the task of ensuring th e material welfare of the population (Tremlett, 2009: 19). Instead, the state had become a kind of secular god that had encroached into many areas of the lives of individuals (Berger, 1969: 147). This entailed that the role of religious institutions were strictly confined to the personal realm; in the public domain, the faith gradually ceased to become a powerful force in the shaping of the political evolution of the nation. The top up/supply side theory of secularisation The views exposed in the previous section can be juxtaposed to the perspective highlighted by the top up/supply side theory of secularisation. This perspective underlines the conditions brought about by the spread of religious freedom in contemporary societies, which led to a competitive environment in the market for religious adherents amongst theological organisations (Davie, 1994: 93). This view makes an analogy between theological organisations and business firms, all of which struggle in order to capture a growing segment of the market. The top up/supply side theory of secularisation postulates that the competition between different religious denominations has a positive impact on the preservation of religion as a vibrant force in society (Asad, 2003: 33). This approach explains the manner in which, for example, the level of religious adherence is larger in countries like the United States, where the different theological denomination are engaged in permanent competition in orde r to attract new adherents (Idinopulos and Wilson, 1998: 111). This theory puts forward the notion that an intense competition between the different denominations result in churches striving to keep a dynamic spiritual environment in their congregations, hence helping to retain the relevance of religion in their community (Harris, 2005: 58). In the United States, this has generated a situation in which the older denominations such as Lutherans, Catholics and Presbyterians are losing ground to the evangelical religious organisations. Whilst the evangelical movements demand a great deal of effort on the part of the would-be adherents, they also offer a more intense religious experience than the older denominations; which seems to be a determinant factor in attracting support for their cause (Asad, 1993: 145). Furthermore, the top up/supply side theory of secularisation posits that in cases where religious life is dominated by theological organisations that are directly subsidised by the state, the clergy seems to be less keen to engage with the community of believers, hence leading to the decay of spiritual life in their communities (Stark and Iannaccone, 1994: 232). This theoretical approach seems to replicate the idea that state-owned organisations, be them of an economic or religious nature, tend to be less innovative than private ones (Davie, 1994: 19). For example, in Northern Europe, the established Protestant churches are able to fend off the threat posed by other Christian denominations (Wilson, 1966: 58). This means that the clergy does not have to overexert itself in order to attract the attention of their would-be religious adherents (Asad, 2003: 14). Consequently, this led to a situation in which religious attendance declined in a significant manner, since the number of optio ns available in the spiritual market tends to be quite reduced (McCutcheon, 2003: 46). However, this does not explain the reasons behind the consistently high levels of religious attendance in Southern European and Latin American countries, in spite of the monopoly enjoyed by the Catholic Church (Martin, 1969: 28). It could be argued that a pluralist religious template as the basis for a high level of religious attendance represents a theoretical blueprint that can only be successfully applied to particular settings (Berger, 1969: 61). It would appear that many of the tenets espoused by this particular theory of secularisation are not based on a sound methodological framework (Harris, 2005: 55). To be sure, the idea of a competitive religious market as an instrument that allows countries to reverse religious decline can only be applied to the United States, which is a society that has traditionally been based around the development of communal life; strongly informed by religious v alues in order to connect individuals to their particular cultural and geographical setting (Asad, 1993: 66). At the same time, it has been argued that the level of religious attendance have remained quite consistent across the ages, which entails that there have been no substantial secularisation process as a result of the onset of modernity (McCutcheon, 2003: 48). In addition, it has been noted that the ‘market’ theory of religion can provide a sound basis for explaining overall trends in religious adherence (Stark, 1999: 249). In fact, in Western societies, periods of low attendance alternated with periods of higher levels of religious fervour (Idinopulos and Wilson, 1998: 98). It is therefore important to concede the possibility that the top up/supply side theory of secularisation may provide with a sound framework of reference in order to examine the level of religious adherence in across the ages (Stark, 1993: 389). It would appear that the postmodern condition do es not necessarily mar the possibility of a reconstitution of religious life along more fluid doctrinal lines (Stark, 1999: 260). This goes some way towards rebutting the assumptions put forward by the bottom up/demand side theory of secularisation (Wilson, 1966: 61). The ‘market’ interpretation of religious adherence may provide a better way of understanding the extent to which modern societies have been secularised (Wilson, 1966: 82). The dynamic interactions that take place in the social space give rise to the possibility of more fluid (and therefore more vibrant) religious denominational structures that may rehabilitate the spectrum of religious life in postmodern societies (Stark and Iannaccone, 1994: 231). It could be posited that this trend, directed from the top down and informed by a strong supply side approach borrowed from the field of economics, is ultimately a better way to understand the reasons behind the persistence of religious life in modern societies (Asad, 2003: 14). Conclusion By way of conclusion, it may be posited that the bottom up/demand side theory of secularisation provides with some interesting insights regarding the evolution of religious life in societies that have been affected by the process of industrialisation and modernisation, to be sure, the application of scientific methods of interpreting the nature of reality resulted in profound changes in the nature and extent of religious practice in Western European and North American societies (Berger, 1969: 77). The specialisation of technical knowledge production removed power from the religious authorities regarding the way in which knowledge was to be pursued, created and spread (Norris, 2004: 41). Moreover, the onset of modernisation and industrialisation gave the state a great deal of power in order to provide welfare provisions for its citizens, hence stripping the church institutions of their functional purpose (Fitzgerald, 2000: 122). Notwithstanding the validity of these arguments, they do not explain the persistence of religious attendance throughout the ages (Stark, 1993: 390). There seems to be an inherent human drive to seek the ultimate explanations of the nature of existence by referring to supernatural forces, which explains the resilience of religious practice across the ages. The postmodern condition has given rise to new forms of religious and spiritual practices that thrive thanks to the way in which they are able to utilise technology in order to fulfil their mission (Asad, 1993: 45). For all the reasons cited above, it could be concluded that the theory of secularisation fails to explain the continued interest shown by people in pursuing spiritual avenues for personal advancement; an interest that seems to be more vibrant than ever in the age of fluid doctrinal requirements for religious practice. Bibliography Asad, T. (1993) Genealogies of Religion, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD Asad, T. (2003) Formations of the Secular, Stanford University Press, Stanford, CA Berger, P. (1969) The Sacred Canopy, Anchor Books, Garden City, NY Bruce, S. (2002) God is dead-Secularization in the West, Blackwell, Oxford Davie, G. (1994) Religion in Britain since 1945, Blackwell, Oxford Durkheim, E. (1912, 1995) The Elementary Formations of Religious Life, Free Press, New York, NY Fitzgerald, T. (2000) The Ideology of Religious Studies, Oxford University Press, Oxford Gauchet, M., (1999) The Disenchantment with the World, Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ Harris, S. (2005) The End of Faith, Free Press, New York Idinopulos, T. and Wilson, B. (1998) What is ReligionOrigins, Definitions and Explanations, Brill, Boston Martin, D. (1993) A General Theory of Secularization, Gregg Revivals, Aldershot Martin, D., (1969) The Religious and the Secular, Routledge, London Martin, D. (2005) On Secularisation, Aldergate Publishing Company, Aldershot McCutcheon, R. (2003) The Discipline of Religion-Structure, Meaning, Rhetoric, Routledge, London Norris, P. (2004) Sacred and Secular, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge Stark, R. and Iannaccone, L., A Supply Side Reinterpretation of the Secularization of Europe, Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion ,Vol. 33, No. 3 (Sep., 1994), pp. 230-252 Stark, R., Europe’s Receptivity to New Religious Movements: Round Two, Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, Vol. 32, No. 4 (Dec., 1993), pp. 389-397 Stark, R., Secularization, R.I.P. Source: Sociology of Religion, Vol. 60, No. 3, Autumn, 1999, pp. 249-273 Tremlett, P. F. (2009) Religion and the Discourse on Modernity, Continuum, New York Wilson, B. (1966) Religion in Secular Society, C. A. Watts, London

GM Food Essay

You are required to write an article titled GM Food on the basis of websites and sofewares. In the article, you are expected to present the points as follows: the definition of GM food, the possible prospects and problems, your attitude towards GM food. The article should be no less than 500 words. Genetically modified (GM) foods are foods derived from genetically modified organisms. Genetically modified organisms have had specific changes introduced into their DNA by genetic engineering, using a process of either Cisgenesis or Transgenesis. GM foods were first put on the market in the early 1990s. Typically, genetically modified foods are transgenic plant products: soybean, corn, canola, and cotton seed oil. Last year, the Ministry of Agriculture awarded the safety cerfiticate to two kinds of transgenic rice, and this triggered a large-scale discussion. Many people oppose it and refuse to eat GM foods. They objected to GM foods on several grounds such as: †¢ GMF’s have not been a success, there is no test in human being. The GM foods maybe change human gene in future. †¢ Genetically modified crops will affect other plants around them and change other species, then more and more species will vary or disappear. †¢ GM foods have the advantage in both price and output, so traditional farmers will lose the market. Then few companies who have transgene proprietary technology will control food market. On the contrary, many proponents of GM foods have other opinions: †¢ People eat GM foods, then the foods are analysed and assimilated like normal foods, there is no theory to support that GM foods will change human being’s gene. †¢ There is a food supply issue in the developing world, in order to meeting the demand for food and confronting the climate change we need to increase use of GM crops. †¢ The GM crops use less pesticide, It is more safty than normal crops. Actually, more and more GM foods appear in our lives. When you have dinner in the restaurant, maybe you eat the GM oil, GM corn and GM rice, but you just don’t know. Genetically modified food is science brings us the product, now of cultivated land area of less, genetically modified food will play more and more important role, if the use of transgenic technology can solve the world food shortage problem, it is not quite good? Genetically modified food in the world now is a kind of new things, new things, people need time to promote its accept also need some time, we cannot put new things in the cradle, a stick to it from the beginning, that cannot be eaten of genetically modified food. You think we don’t of hybrid rice is a genetically modified food? But we can open it from? And if they can pass the soybeans genetically modified technique using atmospheric nitrogen inside his produces fertilizers to other crops gene transfer in the mankind, it is. Everything is both sides, especially technology, science and technology is a double-edged sword? Genetically modified food has its disadvantages, like some worry, because it will not change, will destroy genetic evolution, etc. Genetically modified food and nutrition inside it isn’t like that, the propaganda of people worry is understandable, after accepting a new things take time. But we also should see the benefits of them, I think as time slowly past, genetically modified foods will be accepted by people.

WH Auden essays

WH Auden essays Stop all the clocks, cut off the telephone This piece of text is a poem revolved around funeral blues, and the grief people feel when a loved one dies. Stop all the clocks was written by W. H. Auden and was first published as Song IX FROM Twelve Songs printed in England, in 1936. It was reprinted under its present title in Tell me the truth about love printed in America 1976. The purpose of the text is, due to its emotive nature, an outlet for Audens grief about the death of one of his close friends. W. H. Auden uses a wide variety of language techniques in his poem to impact on the reading of the text. His use of tone, the use of emotive language and word choice, concepts in the text, and the content of the text very successfully portray change in the text. The tone of the poem is a very negative depressed one. This is due to the fact that the poem is about a funeral, and how some people feel when someone close to them has died. By using this tone, Auden shows the change he has undergone into depression due to the fact that someone close to his has died. For example: The stars are not wanted now: put out every one; Pack up the moon and dismantle the sun; Pour away the ocean and sweep up the wood. For nothing now can ever come to any good. The extent of his sadness is also shown through the language he uses in the above stanza. For nothing now can ever come to any good Auden has obviously undergone a change since the death of his friend, and the change must have been a very intense and painful one as the language and tone used is very emotive. The use of imagery in reference to nature (also in the above stanza) adds to what extent Auden is changing. This imagery is in relation to very large ideas (the oceans, moon and sun) and this reflects the extent of Audens grief, which is obviously very large. ...

Five factors of acceleration of globalisation Essay

Five factors of acceleration of globalisation - Essay Example These include market drivers, cost drivers, technological drivers, government or political drivers, and competitive drivers. Each of these will each be explained in detail in the following paragraphs (Campbell, Stonehouse, and Houston, 2002). There are two popular frameworks that cover the basic concepts of the drivers of globalisation. One of these is particularly relevant and will be covered here. One of the frameworks is Yip's Framework, and the other one of the frameworks is Porter's Framework. The one that will be covered in the context of this assignment is Yip's Framework, which covers four drivers of globalisation (Campbell, Stonehouse, and Houston, 2002). Yip did not believe in the two extremes that companies were either global or not global. Instead, he believed that all organizations were combinations of the two, each one being more of one than the other. His framework-or outline-allows an observer to determine specifically which parts of an organization are global and which parts have different aspects on a local level. If an organization wishes to evaluate their global strategy, analyzing Yip's Framework can play a crucial role (Campbell, Stonehouse, and Houston, 2002).. Yip argued that, "A global strategy will be global in many respects, but may also include features that are locally oriented. To achieve the benefits of globalization, the managers of a worldwide business need to recognize when industry conditions provide the opportunity to use global strategy levers (Campbell, Stonehouse, and Houston, 2002)." According to Yip, there are four drivers that that determine the extent of globalisation: market drivers, cost drivers, government drivers, and competitive drivers (Campbell, Stonehouse, and Houston, 2002). Market Globalisation Drivers The first driver of globalisation to take a look at is market drivers. "As domestic markets become more and more saturated, the opportunities for growth are limited and global expanding is a way most organizations choose to overcome this situation. Common customer needs and the opportunity to use global marketing channels and transfer marketing to some extent are also incentives to choose internationalization" (Bauernfeind, 2005, pg. 1). Market drivers have resulted in the convergence of per capita income among industrialized nations; take a look at the exchange rates across the globe for example. There has also been a convergence of lifestyles and tastes. People are demanding more high quality products and services than they ever have before, and they want them at the cheapest price, which seriously creates a problem for businesses that are attempting to make a profit. Organisations are beginning to behave as global customers. When organizations spread their operations to other countries, they have to look at finding suppliers in those areas in order to minimize their costs. There has been a notable increase in travel creating global consumers. This can perhaps be attributed to the astronomical increase in communication that came along with the growing popularity of the Internet. Regional and global channels have grown to astronomical proportions. This can be attributed once again to the growth in worldwide communication, as well as

Virtual Reality Endangers Our Future Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Virtual Reality Endangers Our Future - Essay Example Virtual reality could be considered dangerous, as this simulation could cause decline of ethics and traditional values, as well as transition to absolutely new ways of life, where the existence of people will lose its entire meaning. The technology itself has been a source of great use in the recent world as can be clearly witnessed in the use of the technology in different realms of life. Virtual reality is of great significance in the spheres of medicine, business, law, and design. Doctors are starting to use virtual reality devices for conducting medical operations, as well as creating suitable conditions for the faster recovery processes (for instance, for patients with mental disorders). Thus, virtual reality assists in the development of medical industry and moves it to a new level. Besides, this equipment gives an opportunity to reconstruct crimes, hold conferences, or model buildings. Virtual reality becomes a new dawn for entertainment industry, especially in the field of video-games and 3D movies. Headsets could improve realistic and engaging effects to plunge the player or spectator into an artificial environment. Therefore, virtual reality devices are crucially important in the advancement of technol ogy and scientific progress, and its importance should not be overestimated. The other benefit of the concept revolving around virtual reality is the development of the Internet as a new platform which will constitute a major part of the online networking centers. Nowadays, social media has already replaced real-life communication by creating a platform through which people can easily carry out their tasks by using the internet. The existence of public institution websites and online stores abolish the need to leave one’s house. Virtual reality devices expand the borders of the Internet, breaking the fourth wall between a user and the entire system. The borders of